Oral Cancer

Signs and Symptoms 

• Persistent mouth sores or ulcers that don’t heal within two weeks.
• A lump or thickened area in the cheek or elsewhere in the mouth.
• Red or white patches in the mouth or throat.
• Difficulty swallowing, chewing, or moving the tongue or jaw.
• Unexplained pain, tenderness, or numbness in the mouth or lips.
• Chronic sore throat or hoarseness.
• Loose teeth or dentures that no longer fit properly.

Common Causes and Risk Factors

• Tobacco Use: Smoking cigarettes, cigars, or pipes, as well as using smokeless tobacco products like chewing tobacco, is one of the leading causes of oral cancer. The harmful chemicals in tobacco directly damage the cells in the mouth.
• Alcohol Consumption: Heavy alcohol use increases the risk of oral cancer, particularly when combined with tobacco use. Together, these substances have a compounding effect on cellular damage.
• Human Papillomavirus (HPV): Certain strains of HPV, particularly HPV-16, are associated with oropharyngeal cancers, which affect parts of the throat and back of the tongue.
• Excessive Sun Exposure: Prolonged exposure to UV rays without protection can lead to cancer on the lips.
• Poor Oral Hygiene: While not a direct cause, poor oral hygiene can increase the risk of developing infections or conditions that may contribute to oral cancer.
• Dietary Habits: A diet low in fruits and vegetables may result in a lack of essential vitamins and antioxidants, which are crucial for maintaining healthy tissues.
• Age and Gender: Oral cancer is more common in people over 40, and men are twice as likely to develop it compared to women.

Diagnosis

• Physical Examination: A thorough inspection of the mouth, throat, and neck.
• Biopsy: A small tissue sample is taken from the affected area for analysis.
• Imaging Tests: X-rays, CT scans, or MRIs may be used to determine if cancer has spread.

Treatment Options

1. Surgery: This may involve removing the tumour and surrounding tissues. In advanced cases, reconstructive surgery may be necessary.
2. Radiation Therapy: High-energy beams are used to destroy cancer cells and shrink tumours.
3. Chemotherapy: Medications are used to kill cancer cells or prevent them from growing.
4. Targeted Therapy: This newer approach uses drugs to target specific molecules involved in cancer growth.

Prevention

• Quit Tobacco: If you smoke or use tobacco products, seek support to quit. This is one of the most effective ways to lower your risk.
• Limit Alcohol: Moderate your alcohol consumption and avoid mixing it with tobacco use.
• Protect Yourself from HPV: Get vaccinated against HPV and practice safe oral hygiene.
• Eat a Balanced Diet: Incorporate plenty of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains to boost your immune system.
• Use Sunscreen for Lips: Apply a lip balm with SPF when spending time outdoors.
• Practice Good Oral Hygiene: Brush and floss daily and visit your dentist regularly.
• Stay Alert to Changes: Perform self-checks for any unusual lumps, patches, or sores in your mouth.

When to See a Doctor